业务计划包括叙事和多家金融电子表格。 叙事模板的商业计划书的主体。 它包含超过150个商业资源分为几个部分的问题。 通过部分工作,在任何你喜欢的顺序,除了应该做的最后的执行摘要。 跳过任何问题,并不适用于您的业务类型。 当你通过撰写初稿,你将有小论文的集合,业务计划的各项议题。 那么你将要编辑成光滑流畅的叙述。
做一个商业计划的真正价值在于不必在手的成品,而是价值在于,有系统地对您的业务的研究和思考的过程中。 规划的行为,帮助您认为通过深入学习和研究的事情时,你是不是确定的事实,并仔细审视你的想法。 它现在需要时间,但后避免昂贵的,也许是灾难性的,的错误。
这个商业计划书是一种通用模式适用于所有类型的企业。 然而,你应该修改它以满足您的具体情况。 在开始之前,审查题为“炼油计划的部分,在年底发现的叙事。 建议强调取决于您的业务类型(制造,零售,服务等)的某些领域。 它也有微调您的计划做出有效的介绍给投资者或银行家的提示。 如果这就是为什么你写你的计划,那么要特别注意您的写作风格。 你将你的工作以及你的想法的质量和外观来判断。 你的指导下,我们有包括题为“写作指南”文档。 这是写在一个清晰,简明的风格适合这种类型的文件执行摘要的例子。
它通常需要几个星期才能完成一个好的计划。 ,大部分时间都花在研究和重新思考你的想法和假设。 但是,这是价值的过程。 因此,做好他们的工作时间。 谁做的,从来没有后悔的努力。 最后,请务必保持您的信息来源和假设您的财务数据的详细说明。
商业计划书
业主
企业名称:示例公司
地址:地址1号线
地址行2
市,ST 22222
电话:222-333-4444
传真:111-222-3333
电子邮件:xyz@example.com
- 内容的表
- 内容提要
写本节的最后!
我们建议您2页或更少。
包括一切在5分钟的采访中,你会盖。
说明拟议业务的基础:什么将您的产品,谁就会被你的客户,谁是业主,你觉得您的企业和行业的未来持有?
热情,专业,完整和简洁。
如果申请贷款,清楚说明你多么想,正是你要使用它,以及如何,这笔资金将让您的业务更有利可图,从而确保还款。
- 通用公司介绍
你会在什么业务 ? 你会做什么?
宗旨:许多公司通常在30字以内,一个简短的使命声明,解释其原因是和他们的指导原则。 如果你想一个使命声明草案,这是一个好地方把它的计划。 其次是:
公司的目标和具体目标:目标是目的地-您想要将您的业务。 目标是沿目标的实现方式的进步标志。 例如,一个目标可能是有一个健康的,成功的公司,这是一个在客户服务方面的领导者,拥有忠实的客户以下。 目标可能是年度销售目标和客户满意度的一些具体措施。
经营理念:什么是重要的是你的业务 ?
你会向谁推销你的产品呢? 你的目标市场? (国家简单地在这里 - 你会做一个更详尽的解释,在营销部分)。
说明你的行业。 它是一个增长的行业吗? 什么样的变化,你预见在你的行业,短期和长期? 贵公司将如何准备利用它们呢?
你最重要的公司的优势和核心竞争力:
将会使公司获得成功的因素是什么?
你认为你的主要竞争优势将是什么?
什么背景经验,技能和优势,你亲自送这个新的合资公司?
法律的所有制形式:独资经营,合伙企业,公司,有限责任公司(LLC)的?
你为什么选择这种形式?
- 产品和服务
深入描述你的产品和/或服务(技术规范,图纸,照片,售楼书,并在附录等大件物品属于)。
哪些因素会给你的竞争优势或劣势? 例如,质量或独特的或专有功能水平。
什么是你的产品和/或服务的价格,费用或租赁结构?
- 营销计划
筹备工作的注意事项:
市场研究 - 为什么呢?
不管有多好您的产品和您的服务,企业不能没有有效的市场营销中取得成功。 而这个开始认真,系统的研究。 简单假设你已经知道你的目标市场,这是非常危险的。 你需要做市场调研,以确保它们的轨道上。 使用业务规划过程中,您发现数据和问题,您的营销工作的机会。 你的时间用得其所。
市场调研 - 如何?
市场调研的有2种:小学和中学。
中学研究手段使用出版行业概况,行业杂志,报纸,杂志,普查数据,与人口特征,如信息。 这种类型的信息可在公共图书馆,行业协会,商会,谁卖给你的行业的厂商,政府机构(商务部和国家以及地方发展机构),SBA商业信息中心和一个停止资本商店。
开始与您当地的图书馆。 大多数馆员很高兴来指导你通过他们的业务数据收集。 你会惊讶有什么。 有比你可能会使用更多的在线来源。 一个良好的开端是在SBA的网站,http://www.sba.gov/单击外部资源,为一个伟大的收集资源链接按钮。 你的商会已对当地良好的信息。 贸易协会和贸易出版物经常有优秀的行业的具体数据。
主要市场调研手段收集自己的数据。 例如,你可以做你自己的交通计数,在拟议地点使用黄页,找出竞争对手,做调查或焦点小组访谈,以了解消费者的喜好。 专业的市场调研可以是非常昂贵的,但也有很多书指出,小企业业主如何通过自己有效的研究。
在你的营销计划中,应尽可能具体,给统计的数字和来源。 将营销计划的基础上,后来,所有重要的销售投影。
营销计划:
经济学
关于你的行业的事实:
什么是你的市场总规模?
会对你有什么%的市场份额? (这一点很重要,如果你认为你会在市场上的一个主要因素。)
当前在目标市场的需求
在目标市场的趋势 - 增长趋势,趋势,消费者的喜好和产品的发展趋势。
大小的业务增长潜力和机会
你面对你的新公司进入这个市场进入壁垒? 一些典型的有:
高资本成本
生产成本高
高昂的营销成本
消费者接受/品牌知名度
培训/技能
独特的技术/专利
工会
运费
关税壁垒/配额
当然,你将如何克服的障碍?
以下如何影响您的公司吗?
在科技
政府规章
不断变化的经济
在你的行业的变化
产品
在产品/服务“部分中,你描述你看到他们的产品和服务。 现在,从您的客户观点描述。
特点和优点
列出你所有的主要产品或服务。
对于每一个产品/服务:
描述最重要的特点 。 也就是说,为客户的产品呢? 有什么特别之处呢?
现在,每生产/服务,说明它的好处 。 也就是说,为客户的产品呢?
注意的特点和优点之间的差异,并认为他们。 例如,一套房子给住房和持续时间长,是具有一定的材料和一定的设计,这些都是其功能。 它的好处包括骄傲的所有权,金融安全,在居委会提供的家庭,列入。 您建立到你的产品的功能,所以你可以卖的好处。
将给予什么售后服务?
例如:交付,保修,服务合同,支持,跟进,或退税政策。
客户
确定您的目标客户,他们的特点,和他们的地理位置,即,人口统计。
取决于你是否打算出售给其他企业或直接向消费者说明会是完全不同的。 如果您销售的消费类产品,但是通过渠道分销商,批发商和零售商的销售,那么你必须仔细分析最终消费者和企业的中间人,你卖。
您可能有一个以上的客户群。 确定最重要的群体。 然后,每个消费群体,构建什么是所谓的人口概况:
年龄
性别
地点
收入水平
社会阶层/职业
教育
其他(您的行业特定)
其他(您的行业特定)
对于企业客户,人口因素可能是:
行业(或一个行业的部分)
地点
坚定的大小
质量/技术/价格偏好
其他(您的行业特定)
其他(您的行业特定)
比赛
什么样的产品和公司将与你竞争?
列出你的主要竞争对手:
名称及地址
他们将与你竞争一刀切,或者只是对某些产品,某些客户,或在某些地点?
请问您有重要的间接竞争对手? (例如,影片租赁店竞争,剧院,虽然他们是不同类型的业务 。)
如何将你的产品/服务的比较与竞争?
使用所谓的竞争力分析表,贵公司与你的三个最重要的竞争对手。 在第一列是关键的竞争因素。 由于这些变化从一个行业到另一个,您可能要自定义的因素。
在标有“我”,状态如何,你真的认为的细胞,你可能会在消费者心目中叠起来。 然后检查你是否认为这一因素将是一个实力为你的弱点。 有时是很难分析自己的弱点。 尝试是非常诚实这里。 更妙的是,一些无私的陌生人,以评估你。 这可以是一个真正的大开眼界。 请记住,你不能所有的东西给所有的人。 事实上,试图将如此,导致许多企业倒闭,因为它驱散和冲淡了你的努力。 你想要一个诚实的评估贵公司的长处和短处。
现在,分析每一个主要竞争对手。 几句话,国家是怎么想的,他们比较。
在最后一列,估计每个竞争因素的重要性,给客户。 1 =至关重要的; 5 =非常重要的。
表1:竞争力分析
| 因子 |
我 |
强度 |
弱点 |
竞争者 |
竞争产品B |
竞争对手彗星 |
重视客户 |
| 产品 |
|
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| 价格 |
|
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| 质量 |
|
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| 选择 |
|
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| 服务 |
|
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| 可靠性 |
|
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| 稳定性 |
|
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| 专业知识 |
|
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| 公司声誉 |
|
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| 地点 |
|
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| 外观 |
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| 销售方式 |
|
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| 信贷政策 |
|
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|
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| 广告 |
|
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|
|
|
|
|
| 图片 |
|
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|
在做竞争力矩阵,写一个简短的段落,说明你的竞争优势和劣势。
利基
现在你已经系统地分析你的行业,你的产品,你的客户和竞争,你应该有一个清晰的图片,或你的公司成为世界适合。
在一个短款,定义你的利基,市场上独一无二的角落。
战略
现在,勾勒出一个营销策略,是符合你的利基。
推广
您将如何得到了这个词给客户?
广告:什么样的媒体,为什么,以及如何往往的? 为什么这个组合而不是其他?
你有确定的低成本的方法来获取您的促销预算?
请问您使用的方法比其他付费的广告,如展览,产品目录,经销商的激励,口碑(您将如何刺激吗?),朋友或专业人士的网络?
您想要做什么形象工程? 你怎么想客户看到你呢?
除了广告,你有什么计划为图形图像的支持? 这包括标志设计,名片和信纸,小册子,标牌,室内设计(如果客户来你的营业场所)一样的东西。
如果你有一个系统来识别回头客,然后系统地接触他们?
促销预算
上面列出的项目,你花多少?
启动前? (这些数字将进入启动预算。)
正在进行的? (这些数字将进入您的工作计划预算。)
定价
解释你制定过程的方法(S)。 对于大多数中小企业来说,最低的价格是不是一个好的政策。 它剥夺了必要的利润率,客户可能不关心价格,尽可能多地认为,和大竞争对手可以根据价格,你无论如何。 通常情况下,你会做的更好的平均价格,质量和服务上竞争。
请问您的定价策略适合什么是你的竞争力分析显示吗?
与竞争的价格进行比较。 他们是高,低,同样吗? 为什么呢?
价格有竞争力的因素有多重要? 做您的目标客户大多在价格上真正使他们的购买决策?
您的客户服务和信贷政策会有什么?
建议地点
也许你不有一个准确的位置纠察了。 这是时间去思考你想要什么,需要在一个位置。 许多新创公司成功地从家里运行一段时间。
你将描述你的生理需求后,在你的商业计划的运作部分。 在这里,在营销部分,分析您的位置条件,因为他们会影响你的客户。
您的位置重要的是你的客户吗? 如果有的话,怎么会这样?
如果顾客来你的营业场所:
是否方便? 停车? 内部空间? 不出来的方式呢?
是否符合你的形象吗?
它是客户的要求和期望?
位于竞争? 它是更适合你(如汽车经销商或快餐店)附近或远处(如方便食品商店)?
分销渠道
你如何卖你的产品/服务?
零售
直接(邮购,网络,目录)
批发
你自己的销售队伍
代理
独立代表
竞标合同
销售预测
现在,您已经详细描述你的产品,服务,客户,市场,营销计划,它是附加一些数字,你的计划。 使用销售预测电子表格,准备了一个月一个月投影。 预测应根据历史销售,营销策略,您刚才描述的,你的市场调研和行业数据后,如果有。
你不妨做两个预测:1)“最佳猜测”,这就是你真正期望的,和2)“最坏的情况下”低估计,你有信心可以达到无论发生什么事情。
本节,请参阅十二个月的销售预测电子表格。
记住保持在您的研究和你的假设说明你建立这个销售预测,计划中的所有后续电子表格。 如果你打算目前它的资金来源,这是至关重要的的。
- 业务计划
解释业务,它的位置,设备,人,流程,环境和周边环境的日常运作。
生产
如何以及在何处是你的产品/服务?
解释你的方法:
生产技术及成本
质量控制
客户服务
库存控制
产品开发
地点
在一个位置,你需要什么样的品质? 描述类型的位置,你将有。
物理要求:
空间;多少?
建筑类型
分区
电力和其他公用事业
访问:
您的位置,交通便捷,或向供应商是很重要的?
你需要轻松步行在获得?
什么是您的要求停车,接近高速公路,机场,铁路,航运中心?
如果它是重要的,因为它可能被用于制造商,包含了您的拟建设施的图纸或布局。
建设? 大多数新公司不应该陷入建设的资金,但如果你正在筹建,那么成本和规范将是你的计划的重要组成部分。
费用:估计您的占领费用,包括房租,还包括:维护,公用事业,保险,并初步重塑成本,使其满足您的需求。 这些数字将成为你的财务计划的一部分。
您的营业时间会有什么?
法律环境
描述以下
发牌和固定要求
许可证
健康,工作场所或环境法规
覆盖的行业或专业的特别规定
分区或建筑物的代码要求
保险范围
商标,版权或专利(待,现有的,或购买)
人员
员工人数
劳动类型(熟练,技术不熟练,专业)
在哪里,你将如何找到合适的员工?
现有员工的质量
薪酬结构
培训的方法和要求
谁做哪些工作?
你有没有时间表和准备的书面程序?
您已经起草了员工的岗位描述? 如果没有,需要时间来写一些。 他们真正的帮助与员工的内部沟通。
对于某些功能,你会使用合同工人,除了给员工?
库存
什么样的库存将被保留:原料,物料,产成品?
平均价值的股票(即,什么是您的库存投资)?
的周转率,以及如何与行业平均水平比较?
季节性建隆?
订货的前置时间?
供应商
确定主要供应商。
名称及地址
类型及布置库存量
信用卡及提供政策
历史与可靠性
如果您有多个供应商的关键项目(如备份)?
你期望短缺或短期交货问题?
供应成本稳定或波动? 如果波动,你会如何处理不断变化的成本呢?
信贷政策
你计划出售信贷吗?
你真的需要上出售的信贷? 它是在你的行业习惯和你的客户所期望吗?
如果有,你有什么样的政策是谁获得信贷和多少呢?
您将如何检查新申请人的资信状况?
什么条件你会为您的客户,也就是说,多少信贷和付款时,是由于?
请问您提供即时付款折扣(提示:这样做,只有当它是在你的行业常规和习惯)。
你知道什么将花费您提供信贷吗? 你有没有到您的价格建立在成本吗?
管理您的应收账款
如果延长了信用,你应该做的老龄化,至少每月跟踪你的钱有多少是绑在给予客户的信贷,并提醒您慢支付问题。 一个应收账款的账龄如下:
|
共有 |
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您将需要处理缓慢付费用户的政策。
当你打个电话?
当发送了一封信?
当你的律师威胁?
管理您的应付帐款
你也应该年龄应付帐款,你欠你的供应商。 这可以帮助您计划支付。 付出太早耗尽你的现金,但支付后期可以花费你大量宝贵的折扣,损害你的信用。 (提示:如果你知道你会后期付款,请在截止日期前债权人,它往往放松。)
提示付款,您的建议供应商提供的折扣?
一个应付账款的账龄如下:
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- 管理和组织
谁将在日常的业务管理? 什么经验的人带来的业务? 有什么特殊的或与众不同的能力吗? 是否有业务延续计划,如果这个人是丢失或无行为能力的?
如果你将有超过约十名员工,创建一个组织图表,显示了管理层次,是谁负责的关键功能。
包括关键员工的职位描述。 If you are seeking loans or investors, then also include resumes of owners and key employees.
Professional and Advisory Support
List board of directors and management advisory board.
律师
会计
Insurance agent
银行家
Business Consultant(s)
Mentors and key advisors in addition to the above
- Personal financial statement
Include personal financial statements for each owner and major stockholder, showing assets and liabilities held outside the business and personal net worth. Owners will often have to draw on personal assets to finance the business, and these statements will show what is available. Bankers and investors usually want this information as well.
Please refer to the Personal Financial Statement Spreadsheet.
- Startup Expenses and Capitalization
You will have many expenses before you even begin operating your business. It is important to estimate these expenses accurately, and then to plan where you will get sufficient capital. This is a research project, and the more thorough your research, the less chance you will leave out important expenses or underestimate them.
Even with the best of research, however, opening a new business has a way of costing more than you anticipate. There are two ways to make allowances for surprise expenses. The first is to add a little “padding” to each item in the budget. The problem with that approach, however, is that it destroys the accuracy of your carefully wrought plan. The second approach is to add a separate line item, which we call contingencies, to account for the unforeseeable. This is the approach we recommend, and you will see a “Contingencies” line in our spreadsheet.
Talk to others who have started similar businesses to get a good idea of how much to allow for contingencies. If you cannot get good information, we recommend a rule of thumb that contingencies should equal at least 20% of the total of all other startup expenses.
For this section, please refer to the Startup Expenses Spreadsheet .
Explain your research and how you arrived at your forecasts of expenses. Give sources, amounts, and terms of proposed loans. Also explain in detail how much will be contributed by each investor and what percent ownership each will have.
- Financial plan
The financial plan consists of a 12-month profit and loss projection, a four-year profit and loss projection (optional), a cash flow projection, a projected balance sheet, and a breakeven calculation. Together they constitute a reasonable estimate of your company's financial future. More importantly, however, the process of thinking through the financial plan will improve your insight into the inner financial workings of your company.
Twelve Month Profit and Loss Projection
Many business owners think of this as the centerpiece of their plan. This is where you put it all together in numbers and get an idea of what it will take to make a profit and be successful.
Forecast sales, cost of goods sold, expenses, and profit month by month for one year. Your sales projections will come from the Twelve-Month Sales Forecast you did in the Marketing Plan section.
Please refer to the Twelve-Month Profit and Loss Spreadsheet.
Profit projections should be accompanied by a narrative explaining the major assumptions used to estimate company income & expenses.
Research Notes: In addition, keep careful notes on your research and assumptions, so you can explain them later if necessary, and also so you can go back to your sources when it is time to revise your plan later on.
Four Year Profit Protection (optional)
Please refer to the Four-Year Profit Projection spreadsheet.
The 12-month projection is the heart of your financial plan. However, we provide this work sheet for those who want to carry their forecasts beyond the first year. It is expected of those seeking venture capital. Bankers pay more attention to the 12 month projection.
Of course, keep notes of your key assumptions, especially about things you expect to change dramatically after the first year.
Projected Cash flow
Please refer to the Twelve-Month Cash Flow Spreadsheet.
If the profit projection is the heart of your business plan, then cash flow is the blood. Businesses fail because at some point they cannot pay their bills. Every part of your business plan is important, but none of it means a thing if you run out of cash.
The point of this worksheet is to plan how much you need before startup, for preliminary expenses, operating expenses, and reserves. You should keep updating it and using it afterwards as well. It will enable you to foresee shortages in time to do something about them; perhaps to cut expenses, or perhaps to negotiate a loan. But at least not to be taken by surprise.
There is no great trick to preparing it: the cash flow projection is just a forward look at your checking account.
Use the 12-month Profit and Loss statement for a starting point. For each item, determine when you actually expect to receive cash (for sales) or when you will actually have to write a check (for expense items)
The bottom section, “Essential Operating Data”, is not part of cash flow but allows you to track items which have a heavy impact upon cash flow, such as sales and inventory purchases.
The “Pre Startup” column is for cash outlays prior to opening. You have already researched those for your Startup Expenses plan.
Your cash flow will show you whether your working capital is adequate. Clearly, if your projected cash balance ever goes negative, you will need more startup capital. This plan will also predict just when and how much you will need to borrow. New loans go on the line called “Loan / other inj.”.
Explain your major assumptions; especially, those which make the cash flow differ from the Profit and Loss Projection . For example: If you make a sale in month one, when do you actually collect the cash? When you buy inventory or materials do you pay in advance, upon delivery, or much later?
How will this affect cash flow?
Are some expenses payable in advance? 什么时候?
Are there irregular expenses such as quarterly tax payments, maintenance and repairs, or seasonal inventory buildup which should be budgeted?
偿还贷款,设备采购,以及所有者的绘制通常不显示损益表,但绝对不带现金。 一定要包括他们。
当然,折旧不会出现在所有的现金流,因为你从来没有为它写一个检查。
开幕日的资产负债表
资产负债表的根本任何业务报告和财务管理需要的财务报告之一。 资产负债表显示公司(资产)举行什么价值的物品,其债务(负债)。 当资产减去负债,剩下的是所有者权益。
作为指导编制资产负债表中作为开幕当天的启动费用和资本化的电子表格。
请参阅开幕当天的资产负债表的电子表格。
在您的商业计划书的这部分解释你是如何计算的开幕日的资产负债表上的帐户余额。
可选:有人要添加一个预计资产负债表显示估计在第一年年底,公司的财政状况。 这是向投资者推销你的建议时特别有用。 如果你想做到这一点,我们建立了业务计划的预计资产负债表的电子表格模板。
盈亏平衡分析
盈亏平衡预测的销售量,在一个给定的的价格,恢复所需费用总额。 换句话说,它的销售水平是亏本经营,经营利润之间的分界线。
用公式表示,盈亏平衡点是:
(固定成本以美元表示的,但可变成本占总销售额的%表示。)
请参阅的盈亏平衡分析试算表。
包括所有您的盈亏平衡计算所依据的假设。
- 附录
以下是出场顺序在此业务计划所需的所有电子表格的列表:
| 电子表格的名称 |
文件名 |
| 12个月的销售预测 |
待定 |
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个人财务报表 |
待定 |
| 启动费用 |
待定 |
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12个月的利润和亏损 |
待定 |
| 4年的利润预测 |
待定 |
| 12个月的现金流量 |
待定 |
| Opening Day Balance Sheet |
待定 |
| Breakeven Analysis |
待定 |
Include details & studies used in your Business Plan; for example:
Brochures & advertising materials
Industry studies
Blueprints & plans
Maps & photos of location
Magazine or other articles
Detailed lists of equipment owned or to be purchased
Copies of leases & contracts
Letters of support from future customers
Any other materials needed to support the assumptions in this plan
Market research studies
List of assets available as collateral for a loan
- Refining the Plan
The generic business plan presented above should be modified to suit your specific type of business and the audience for which the plan is written.
For Raising Capital
For Bankers
Bankers want assurance of orderly repayment. If you intend using this plan to present to lenders, include:
Amount of loan
How the funds will be used
What will this accomplish (how will it make the business stronger?)
Requested repayment terms (number of years to repay). You will probably not have much negotiating room on interest rate, but may be able to negotiate a longer repayment term, which will help cash flow.
Collateral offered, and list of all existing liens against collateral
For Investors
Investors have a different perspective. They are looking for dramatic growth, and they expect to share in the rewards.
Funds needed short term
Funds needed in 2 to 5 years
How company will use funds, and what this will accomplish for growth.
Estimated return on investment
Exit strategy for investors (buyback, sale, or IPO)
Percent of ownership you will give up to investors
Milestones or conditions you will accept
Financial reporting to be provided
Involvement of investors on the Board or in management
Refine for type of business
制造
Planned production levels
Anticipated levels of direct production costs and indirect (overhead) costs — how do these compare to industry averages (if available)
Prices per product line
Gross profit margin, overall and for each product line
Production/ Capacity limits of planned physical plant
Production/ Capacity limits of equipment
Purchasing and inventory management procedures
New products under development or anticipated to come on line after startup
Service Businesses
Service businesses sell intangible products. They are usually more flexible than other types of business, but they also have higher labor costs and generally very little in fixed assets.
What are the key competitive factors in this industry?
Your prices
Methods used to set prices
System of production management
Quality control procedures. Standard or accepted industry quality standards
How will you measure labor productivity?
Percent of work subcontracted to other firms. Will you make a profit on subcontracting?
Credit, payment, and collections policies and procedures
Strategy for keeping client base
High Technology Companies
Economic outlook for the industry.
Will the company have info systems in place to manage rapidly changing prices, costs, and markets?
Will you be on the cutting edge with your products and services?
What is the status of R&D? And what is required to:
- Bring product/service to market?
- Keep the company competitive?
How does the company:
- Protect intellectual property?
- Avoid technological obsolescence?
- Supply necessary capital?
- Retain key personnel?
High tech companies sometimes have to operate for a long time without profits, and sometimes even without sales. If this fits you, then banker probably will not want to lend to you. Venture capitalists may invest, but your story must be very good. You must do longer term financial forecasts to show when profit take-off is expected occur. And your assumptions must be well documented and well argued.
Retail Business
Company image.
定价:
Explain markup policies.
Prices should be profitable, competitive and in accord with company image.
Inventory:
Selection and price should be consistent with company image.
Inventory Level: Find industry average numbers for annual inventory turnover rate (available in RMA book). Multiply your initial inventory investment times the average turnover rate. The result should be at least equal to your projected first year's Cost of Goods Sold. If it is not, then you may not have enough budgeted for startup inventory.
Customer service policies: should be competitive and in accord with company image.
Location: Does it give the exposure you need? Is it convenient for customers? Is it consistent with company image?
Promotion: methods used, cost. Does it project a consistent company image?
Credit: Do you extend credit to customers? If yes, do you really need to, and do you factor the cost into prices?
Some people have a different view on sharemarket slumps. They see the low stock prices as a chance to grab a bargain.
During times of market volatility, it is our natural instinct to protect our assets and distance ourselves from risk. While this reaction is not surprising, it can also mean missing out on growth opportunities created during uncertain periods.
Warren Buffet, one of the world's wealthiest professional investors,
believes market downturns from another perspective, saying “Look at market fluctuations as your friend rather than your foe; profit from folly rather than participate in it.”
Generally when we see a lower price for something we want we rush in for a bargain, however it can be quite the opposite with stocks. Why is it that we treat stocks that have dropped in price with dread? Share prices of a listed company can fall for a number of
reasons. Lately we have seen the stock prices of a number of reputable companies with sound balance sheets be negatively affected due to a rush to sell as a result of the economic crisis.
Despite the difficult share trading environment, professional investors are constantly reviewing the market for buying opportunities. Many fund managers are searching to find shares in healthy companies with strong balance sheets and returns. For example Australian companies such as household names like David Jones have delivered strong profits after tax and dividends in 2008. However during 2008, David Jones' share price fell by more than 30%.
Identifying opportunities
Not all companies will be affected by the world economic crisis in the same way. Some industries are more susceptible to the business cycle than others.
Providers of basic goods and services continue on almost unabated, for example we all need to eat – so supermarkets aren't as affected as much as tourism, motor vehicle sales or luxury goods.
Australia's population growth is at a 20 year peak and growing at 1.7% per annum. Australia's growing population provides increasing demand for goods and services as people need food, housing, cars, and other staples. Unlike many overseas countries, Australia benefits from two key factors: a high population growth rate and a high demand for houses.
Population growth is nearly twice that of the US while Germany has negative population growth. In the US there is an over-supply of housing while Australia suffers from a lack of supply. The combination of limited housing and a rising population will create growing demand for housing which will support further construction and
provide opportunities for the construction industry.
The value of companies
Many people view companies with falling share prices with fear, but we need to take a look under the bonnet of these companies to determine why. Have they borrowed heavily?
What industry are they in? Are they competitive against their peers? Only by answering these questions, can we know if their share price has fallen for valid reasons or if the company is indeed on sale.
When investing, many fund managers seek companies with high and maintainable dividends, strong balance sheets and ongoing cash flow. These companies are more likely to outlast the volatility storm and may give you a greater return when the market moves into the next phase of recovery and
beyond.
Before you consider changing your strategy, you should seek financial advice. Having a financial adviser and a long-term financial plan can give you confidence to manage the effects of market cycles. With the right advice you can ensure your investments are cut to your risk profile and time horizon, giving you the certainty of knowing you're doing what's right for you.
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